Verification and Validation

1 Verification

Verification asks:

Are we solving the equations correctly?

Typical checks:

grid refinement,
time-step refinement,
analytical solution comparison,
conservation of energy,
limiting cases.

2 Validation

Validation asks:

Are we solving the correct equations?

Typical checks:

comparison with experiments,
empirical correlations,
benchmark cases,
physical plausibility.

3 Examples

3.1 Coffee Cooling

Compare fitted model with measured temperature data.

3.2 Pipe Heating

Compare finite-volume solution with analytical plug-flow solution.

3.3 Flat Plate

Compare numerical wall heat flux with Nusselt correlation.

3.4 Steel Cube

Check energy removed through boundaries against internal energy decrease:

[ E = c_p V ( {T}(t)-{T}(0) ) ]

4 Reporting Requirement

Every project report must include at least one verification or validation check.

---
title: "Verification and Validation"
---

## Verification

Verification asks:

> Are we solving the equations correctly?

Typical checks:

1. grid refinement,
2. time-step refinement,
3. analytical solution comparison,
4. conservation of energy,
5. limiting cases.

## Validation

Validation asks:

> Are we solving the correct equations?

Typical checks:

1. comparison with experiments,
2. empirical correlations,
3. benchmark cases,
4. physical plausibility.

## Examples

### Coffee Cooling

Compare fitted model with measured temperature data.

### Pipe Heating

Compare finite-volume solution with analytical plug-flow solution.

### Flat Plate

Compare numerical wall heat flux with Nusselt correlation.

### Steel Cube

Check energy removed through boundaries against internal energy decrease:

\[
\Delta E
=
\rho c_p V
\left(
\bar{T}(t)-\bar{T}(0)
\right)
\]

## Reporting Requirement

Every project report must include at least one verification or validation check.